Yes, cows can eat clover hay. Well-cured, dry, mold-free red, white, crimson or sweet clover hay is a good source of protein and energy for cattle. The risks come from mold, from feeding too much too quickly, and from fresh clover pasture, which can cause bloat.
Types of clover hay
- Red clover: Common, high in protein, and often grown with grass. It makes good hay for beef cows and growing cattle.
- White and ladino clover: More often grazed than baled, and very palatable. Rich legume pastures can bloat cattle.
- Crimson clover: A fast-growing annual legume used for grazing and hay in many regions.
- Sweet clover: Can be fed as hay, but it carries the most risk if it gets moldy (see below).
Benefits of clover hay
- Higher in protein and calcium than most grass hays
- Palatable, so cows usually eat it readily
- Can reduce the need for protein supplements, especially for lactating or growing animals
Risks to watch for
- Moldy sweet clover: When sweet clover hay spoils, mold converts a natural compound (coumarin) into dicoumarol, a blood thinner. Cattle that eat it can bleed and may die. Dicoumarol interferes with vitamin K, which cows need for blood clotting. Never feed moldy or musty sweet clover.
- Bloat: Legumes like clover, especially fresh and lush pasture, can cause frothy bloat. It is much less of a risk with dry hay, but it is wise to mix it with grass hay.
- Slobbers: In wet years, red clover can grow a fungus that causes excessive drooling. It usually is not serious, but ask your vet if you see it.
- Breeding concerns: Red clover contains plant compounds that can have estrogen-like effects, which are mostly a concern for sheep and some breeding programs. Ask your vet if you are feeding it to breeding stock.
How to feed clover hay safely
- Buy hay that is bright, leafy, dry and smells fresh. Reject any bales that are dusty, damp, moldy or have a sour smell.
- Store it dry and off the ground.
- Introduce it gradually over a week or two, and mix with grass hay rather than feeding clover alone.
- Always provide fresh water.
- Have your hay tested if you are unsure of its quality. Your local extension office can recommend a lab.
For more hay information, see our guides to feeding cows only hay, brome hay for cattle and choosing the best feed to put weight on cows.
Bottom Line
Dry, clean clover hay is a nutritious feed for cattle when you introduce it gradually and mix it with grass hay. Never feed moldy sweet clover, and call your vet if your cattle show bloat, bleeding or unusual drooling.
This article is general information and not veterinary advice.
